after he was confined to his home. He figured it was unlikely to be controversial and get him in more trouble.
Proportional increase in length due to stress (e = increase/original = I/L)
Force / Area that the force acts over (s = load/area = P/A)
defined as the stress required to break it
roughly stiffness, E = s/e
specified by Inglis: s(1 + 2*sqrt(L/r))
number of times material strength is higher than expected working load
repairing a broken feather with a needle and glue
so they could assess the tensions of the ropes by ear
that’s how strong muscles are compared to bones
due more to loss of nervous control than weakened bones (only a 22% reduction in bone strengh)
L-sub-G: Point at which cracking system goes from consuming energy to releasing. 1⁄2 * 2 * WE / (strain energy)^2
form of fracture where material deforms plastically before breaking in tension
or “fracture energy”: “toughness”, quantity of energy required to break a given cross-section of material
the amount of strain energy that may be stored in a structure without causing permanent damage.
made from springy wood and only four spokes. worked like a bow to absorb shock.
it expands and spreads the shearing forces across a larger area.
at 45 degrees to the warp/weft of a fabric
the yacht America won the race (which was then named for it) largely because American sail makers used tighter woven fabrics with the weave arranged to align tensions with the fibres while the brits used loose woven flax sails arranged haphazardly. The American sails allowed the yacht to sail in higher winds and turn in a tighter radius. When the Queen was told that America had come in first, she asked who came in second and was informed that no other ships were yet in sight.